Western ideology perceives forests as extraterritorial entities. They most commonly represent a threshold against which the human condition is defined.

Honduras's northeastern regions are a green frontier. Home to one of Central America's least explored and most pristine areas of lowland rainforest such as the Rio Platano, a UNESCO World Heritage site for its biodiversity and cultural importance. At the same, these forests are lawless lands neglected by the central governments. Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) have exploited the institutional vacuum, turning the jungle into a narco-frontier.

Central America has always been a route for cocaine smuggling coming from Latin America. The isthmus is utilized as a mid-point storage and transit region for drugs being transported to Mexico and the United States. But the region's importance has grown exponentially with the militarization of the war on drugs after 2006 -07. DTOs have found Honduras attractive for the remoteness of its borders and the weak government institutions.

Deforestation often overlaps spatially with trafficking nodes, especially near drug transfer hubs in eastern Honduras.

Traffickers cut Forests for clandestine roads and landing strips. After altering the landscape, DTOs narco capitalize on the local economy. They launder vast sums of money into legal and illegal activities such as timber and fauna trafficking and livestock companies.

Forest residents, scientists, and journalists have widely adopted the term narco-deforestation to describe these phenomena.

"Nucleo" (what locals call the core zone of the biosphere) is an ongoing investigation that forms its structure from bits of different sources, such as documentary photography, satellite imagery, open-source images, and declassified documents. Each found element became an entry point to find connections with others. The project develops an optical device to navigate a hidden dynamic, creating a relationship among them, sometimes interpreting unintentionally registered visual data such as illegal landing strips and the change in vegetation patterns seen from satellite imageries.

The series offers a visual representation of the effects of narco-deforestation on the environment and its people, investigating the relationship between criminal syndicates and remote forest frontiers and questioning the environmental destruction caused by the war on drugs.

A view of the so-called "Nucleo" or core zone of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, in the Colón Department, Honduras. Thinly populated and with little state presence, these remote forests frontiers offer ideal conditions for traffickers to evade i
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A Melanistic Jaguar roars inside a shelter of the Honduran Military Unit C9 (Comando de Apoyo al Manejo De Ecosistema y Ambiente) in Tegucigalpa. Jaguar's population is declining as their forest ranges are reduced by deforestation, conversion of fo
A publicly available satellite image from ESA's Sentinel 2, processed on the infrared spectrum, shows the water of the Patuca River flowing in the Caribbean Sea. The Patuca is the main route for smuggling cocaine.
An infrared image elaborated from Sentinel 2 Satellite shows clandestine airstrips narcotraffickers use in the indigenous territory of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Some of them were decommissioned by the Honduran military using explosives.
A Coral Snake crawls at night in the core zone of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Olancho Department, Honduras. Coral Snakes' venom contains a potent neurotoxin causing neuromuscular dysfunction. Locals tend to kill them since health facilities
An infrared satellite image from Sentinel 2 shows clandestine airstrips narcotraffickers use in the indigenous territory of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Central America has long been a conduit for U.S.-bound cocaine from South America. But th
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An infrared image elaborated from Sentinel 2 Satellite shows clandestine airstrips narcotraffickers use in the indigenous territory of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Some of them were decommissioned by the Honduran military using explosives.
A view of the so-called "Nucleo" or core zone of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, in the Colón Department, Honduras. The protected reserve extends for 630,000 hectares, and it hosts more than 721 species of vertebrates. It is divided into three ma
The Blue Morpho Butterfly is among the largest butterflies in the world. Blue morphos are severely threatened by the deforestation of tropical forests and habitat fragmentation.
A publicly available satellite image from ESA's Sentinel 2 processed on the infrared spectrum shows smoke from wildfires in the indigenous territory of the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve. Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) are among the actors wh
Lax oversight by the Federal Aviation Administration, over decades, has made it easy for drug dealers to register private planes and conceal their identities. With the US stamp of approval — signified by a number on the tail fin that always begins w
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A video still shows the detonation of an explosive charge set off by the Honduran military. Security forces use explosives to decommission illegal landing strips used by DTOs.
Video Stills from a Honduran military helicopter showing the moment a narco plane is intercepted.
A Jaguar stands inside a shelter of the Honduran Military Unit C9 (Comando de Apoyo al Manejo De Ecosistema y Ambiente) in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The Jaguar was kept illegally among five other jaguars by a narco trafficker. Biologists from the ICF
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A DEA unit patch
Vampire Bats and Pale spear-nosed bats are preserved in an alcoholic solution in the Ciudad Blanca Laboratory. Olancho Department, Honduras. Bats are fundamental in the tropics. They disperse seeds that are critical to restoring cleared or damaged
A picture taken by Honduras Special Forces of a Cessna 340 loaded with more than 100kg of cocaine landed near Brus Laguna on 30 March, 2021. Security forces engaged in a firefight with two plane pilots before sizing the shipment.
Documents identifying the plane carrying 806 kg of cocaine.
The so-called "narco carretera" or narco-road is an illegal road that cuts through the Río Plátano Biosphere. Officials from the ICF (Forest Conservation Institute) acknowledge that the road is financed by local politicians and cattle ranchers with
An open-source satellite image showing the wreckage of a propeller plane used by narco-traffickers crashed in the core zone of the Rio Platano Biosphere.
An area illegally cleared of forest in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Illegal timber and drug trafficking have a mutual relationship. Criminal groups often use migrants from southern Honduras to harvest the wood illegally and sell it. Honduras
A picture taken by the Honduran military shows a special forces team as they pose in front of the wreckage of a plane transporting an indefinite amount of cocaine. An army commander for Special Forces Operations in the Rio Platano Reserve lamented
A ranger of the ICF as he follows the trails of two poachers in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Olancho Department, Honduras. "We are not enough to control this huge environment," said the ranger. "All depends on our attitude, we could do nothin
Image from a DEA video obtained via the Freedom of Information Act shows when a Honduran policeman fired at civilians during a DEA lead operation in the Gracias A Dios Department to seize a plane transporting cocaine.
Redacted excerpts of a US Justice Department investigation. The report states that the DEA falsely characterized the deaths of four Hondurans as a shootout with drug traffickers despite proof on video that DEA-led forces fired on unarmed civilians.
ICF's Biologist Marcio Martinez, 43 years old, checks a camera trap that will be used to monitor the jaguar population in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Olancho Department, Honduras. Mr. Martinez lamented the lack of governmental and institutio
A view of the so-called "Nucleo" or core zone of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, in the Colón Department, Honduras. Thinly populated and with little state presence, these remote forest frontiers offer ideal conditions for traffickers to evade in
A view of the so-called "Nucleo" or core zone of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, in the Gracias A Dios Department, Honduras. The war on drugs has altered the incentives of criminal organizations to operate in remote protected areas, which provid